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arithmetical equivalence

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  • Arithmetical hierarchy — In mathematical logic, the arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene hierarchy classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them. Any set that receives a classification is called arithmetical. The… …   Wikipedia

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  • Reduction (recursion theory) — In computability theory, many reducibility relations (also called reductions, reducibilities, and notions of reducibility) are studied. They are motivated by the question: given sets A and B of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively… …   Wikipedia

  • List of first-order theories — In mathematical logic, a first order theory is given by a set of axioms in somelanguage. This entry lists some of the more common examples used in model theory and some of their properties. PreliminariesFor every natural mathematical structure… …   Wikipedia

  • Logicism — is one of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.[1] Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead… …   Wikipedia

  • Principia Mathematica — For Isaac Newton s book containing basic laws of physics, see Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The title page of the shortened version of the Principia Mathematica to *56. The Principia Mathematica is a three volume work on the… …   Wikipedia

  • Reverse mathematics — is a program in mathematical logic that seeks to determine which axioms are required to prove theorems of mathematics. The method can briefly be described as going backwards from the theorems to the axioms. This contrasts with the ordinary… …   Wikipedia

  • Laws of Form — (hereinafter LoF ) is a book by G. Spencer Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary between mathematics and of philosophy. LoF describes three distinct logical systems: * The primary arithmetic (described in Chapter 4), whose models… …   Wikipedia

  • Hyperarithmetical theory — In recursion theory, hyperarithmetic theory is a generalization of Turing computability. It has close connections with definability in second order arithmetic and with weak systems of set theory such as Kripke–Platek set theory. It is an… …   Wikipedia

  • Binary quadratic form — In mathematics, a binary quadratic form is a quadratic form in two variables. More concretely, it is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 2 in two variables where a, b, c are the coefficients. Properties of binary quadratic forms depend in an… …   Wikipedia

  • Bernoulli number — In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers Bn are a sequence of rational numbers with deep connections to number theory. They are closely related to the values of the Riemann zeta function at negative integers. There are several conventions for… …   Wikipedia

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